With the depletion of fossil energy sources and the emphasis on environmental issues, people are paying more and more attention to the development of biomass energy utilization. Biomass-based long chain compounds have attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad. Because they are rich in multiple functional groups and various structures, which are superior to short-chain compounds in the preparation of high-value chemicals. Numerous studies have shown that biomass-based long-chain oxygenated compounds can be used to prepare fuels, polymer electrolytes, and degradable plastics. The biomass-based fuels polymethoxydimethyl ether (PODE) and tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether (TPGME) have attracted much attention because of their high cetane number and oxygen content, as well as their good miscibility with diesel. Polymer electrolytes, as a new direction in the development of lithium-ion batteries, are more often used as petroleum-based polymer matrices, while the natural macromolecules cellulose, lignin, and starch can also be used to prepare gel and solid polymer electrolytes. In addition, polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS) prepared from biomass are more easily degraded by microorganisms in the environment without other effects. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the research progress on the preparation methods and combustion properties of PODE and TPGME, the preparation of gel and solid polymer electrolytes from natural polymer macromolecules, and the synthetic pathways and chemical modifications of PLA and PBS, in order to serve as a reference for the future preparation of these or other high-value products from biomass-based long-chain oxygenated compounds.