With the increasing demand of alternative energy for achieving sustainable development, the effective utilization of biomass resources has become a research focus. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), as a biomass-based platform compound, has broad application prospects. It can be converted into high value-added compounds such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) through selective oxidation. Electrooxidation, as a new green and environmentally friendly method, has made significant progress in the research of converting HMF to FDCA in recent years. However, this process involves competitive reactions, such as water oxidation, which affects the yield and Faradaic efficiency of FDCA. The catalyst is crucial for reducing reaction energy barriers and improving product selectivity, but it faces challenges such as insufficient stability, high overpotential, and insufficient activity in acidic environments. This review focuses on the research progress of high-performance catalysts, exploring in depth from noble metal catalysts to non-noble metal catalysts and non-metal catalysts, aiming to provide useful references for the efficient conversion of biomass.