The increasing environmental problems caused by the high toxicity and recalcitrant properties of synthetic dyes have attracted significant attention. Therefore, the development of new wastewater treatment decolorizers and efficient decolorizing processes for the harmless treatment of dyes is a key research focus in the field of decolorization. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid crystalline porous materials formed through the self-assembly of metals and organic ligands via ligand bonding. They possess structural advantages such as high porosity, a large specific surface area, and abundant active sites, making them popular materials for research on dye decolorization. This paper reviews the advances in the use of MOFs as adsorbents for adsorption decolorization, MOFs as laccase carriers for biodegradation decolorization, MOFs as catalysts for photocatalytic decolorization, MOFs as peroxodisulfate activators for advanced oxidative oxidation decolorization, and as precursors for calcination to form metal oxide catalytic decolorization. These topics are discussed with respect to the decolorization processes for wastewater treatment. Finally, this paper summarizes the research progress on MOFs in the field of dye decolorization and discusses future research directions.