In order to determine the characteristics of heavy metal pollution of soil in the coal mining area of Yongding, 93 topsoil samples from 3 typical coal mines were collected. The contents of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr in the samples were determined by microwave digestion-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The enrichment factor method, Nemerow index method and potential ecological risk index method were used for analysis and assessment. The results showed that the order of comprehensive pollution index and enrichment degree was Zn>Cd>Cr>Cu>Pb. Based on the compound ecological risk index, 2.2% of samples belong to medium risk and 97.8% belongs to slight risk. There was a very significant positive correlation between any two elements in Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd.