Landfills are typical point, line, and area odor pollution sources, characterized by the complex components, variable properties, and the difficulty of control. Accurate processing based on component characteristics is crucial for achieving effective control. This paper sorts out the release characteristics of typical waste components (e.g., kitchen waste, sludge, waste plastics, etc.) during stabilization in different states. The study explores the interaction between different waste components and the influences of complex volatile organic compounds (VOCs) release. To understand the source and formation mechanism of landfill odor, research is needed on the relationship between odor gas and the landfill′s multi-component waste characteristics, different landfill time, and varying environmental conditions. To address the variability of landfill odor, the study utilizes artificial neural networks (ANN) coupled with electronic nose, employing the forward propagation formula hl=σ(Wlhl−1+bl) in multilayer perceptrons (MLP) to enhance the model′s ability to accurately respond to odor changes. Real-time monitoring and feedback enable effective odor control through source component classification control, process chemical targeting, and end-of-pipe biological treatment.