With the progress of industrialization, the consumption of non-renewable energy and the issue of environmental pollution have intensified. Consequently, the development of renewable biomass resources has gained significant attention. Lignocellulose, as an abundant renewable biomass resource, holds immense potential for the production of biofuels and biochemicals. However, its complex structure presents challenges to achieving optimal efficiency in lignocellulose biotransformation. Effective pretreatment techniques and suitable transformation hosts contribute to facilitating the biotransformation of lignocellulose. Furthermore, the selection of appropriate lignocellulose conversion processes enhances the synthesis of desired products, including separate hydrolysis and fermentation, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, as well as consolidated bioprocessing. Among these approaches, the utilization of a microbe co-culture system, established through consolidated bioprocessing, is considered to be a promising strategy for efficiently producing biofuels and biochemicals. Additionally, the integration of the co-culture system with synthetic biology and metabolic engineering offers theoretical guidance for constructing efficient and stable lignocellulose biotransformation systems in the future.