Abstract:Biomass is one of Earth′s most abundant renewable resources, characterized by its renewability and environmental sustainability. It serves as a viable alternative to diminishing fossil fuel resources. Globally, awareness of sustainable energy sources and the necessity for environmental preservation is increasing, leading to greater investigation and utilization of biomass resources. These resources are widely available, derived from agricultural residues, livestock manure, forestry by-products, and urban waste. The complexity of biomass′s chemical composition reflects its diversity, including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and various organic acids. Efficient and environmentally sustainable separation technologies are crucial for maximizing the value and diverse applications of biomass resources. These advanced technologies extract valuable components from biomass while simultaneously reducing environmental impact. This article explores the complex structural composition of biomass, reviews innovative component separation methods, and details applications of its main components. A particular emphasis is placed on complete component separation technologies, encompassing organic solvent extraction, deep eutectic solvents, and ionic liquids. Each method is evaluated based on its separation mechanisms, extraction efficiency, and influencing factors. The growing global demand for sustainable, renewable energy and environmentally friendly materials necessitates the discovery of novel separation mechanisms and technologies. Future research should focus on cost-effective chemical reagents and environmentally responsible production practices. Interdisciplinary collaboration can establish a cohesive industrial framework for addressing the complexities of biomass conversion and utilization. Such collaboration can significantly enhance the value and versatility of biomass resources, invigorating the biomass energy and materials sector with economically viable and environmentally considerate innovations. In summary, these initiatives are crucial for advancing biomass as a key contributor to global sustainability, aligning the biomass industry with broader global sustainable development goals, and ensuring our energy and material needs are met without harming the planet. Close-