With the expansion of urbanization, the scientific and reasonable evaluation of the efficiency of urban water supply systems is crucial for the advancement of the water supply industry to achieve high-quality development. This paper constructs an efficiency evaluation indicator system for urban water supply systems from five dimensions: operational efficiency, supply quality, safety management, service efficiency, and comprehensive benelits. The evaluation system includes 31 indicators, identified through a systematic analysis and sereening process, and the analytic hierarchy process is used to assign weights to the indicators. Finally, four water supply companies are selected for evaluation, and the feasibility of the evaluation methodology is verified with the support of real data from these companies. Through the evaluation results, water supply companies can leam about their shortcomings and take corresponding improvement measures, thus enhaneing the comprehensive effectiveness. Evaluating the effectiveness of water supply systems is crucial for improving the quality and efficiency in water supply companies, which is beneficial for promoting high-quality construction and sustainable development of the urban water supply industry.