The adoption of clean energy, notably solar energy, is a crucial strategy for achieving the dual-carbon goals. As of 2023, the cumulative installed solar capacity in China has reached 609 GW, with a predicted increase to approximately 5000 GW by 2050. Consequently, the volume of scrap solar photovoltaic (PV) modules is expected to surge from 26000 tons to over 15 million tons by 2050. Effective management of these modules will be crucial for the sustainable development of the solar energy industry. This paper presents an in-depth analysis and comparative study based on a literature review and research, focusing on the technological evolution and industrial growth of solar PV systems, the generation characteristics of discarded PV modules, and the technologies for recycling and processing. The analysis covers traditional crystalline silicon PV modules and emerging thin-flm solar modules, including those based on perovskite technologies. Additionally, we discuss pollution control strategies for hazardous materials and explore the development trends of promising recyeling and control measures. This study aims to establish a foundation for in-depth research on recycling and treatment technologies for discarded PV modules and their industrial applications. It also aims to provide a framework for the comprehensive management of solid waste from new energy sources.