Triboelectric  nanogenerators  (TENGs),  which  convert  mechanical  energy  into  electrical energy,  have  been  applied  in  the  fields  of  wearable  devices,  environmental  monitoring,  and  energy harvesting. In recent years, many researchers have utilized biomass-derived carbon materials (BDCMs) for  the  development  of  high-performance  TENGs  due  to  their  wide  range  of  sources,  green environmental protection, and good electrical conductivity. This paper provides a brief introduction to the concepts of TENGs and BDCMs, followed by a summary of several carbonization methods used in the  preparation  of  BDCMs,  including  pyrolytic  carbonization,  hydrothermal carbonization,  and  laserinduced  carbonization.  The  regulation  methods  for  the  structure  of  BDCMs  are  also  discussed, including  the  use  of  template  and  activation  methods.  The  selection  of  suitable  carbonization  and regulation  methods  helps  to  adjust  the  specific  surface  area  and  pore  structure  of  BDCMs,  thereby further improving the output performance, including open circuit voltage and short circuit current, and stability  of  BDCMs-based  TENGs.  The  paper  presents  a  comprehensive  review  of  the  research  and application  progress  of  BDCMs-based  TENGs  in  energy-supplying  devices  and  sensing  devices. Various  biomass  materials  such  as  garlic  shells,  coffee  grounds,  and  eggshell  membranes  have  been successfully  used  in  the  manufacture  of  TENGs  and  have  found  applications  in  energy  harvesting, electricity supply, health monitoring, and gesture recognition. Finally, the paper discusses the problems existing in the application of BDCMs in TENGs, providing reference for the innovative use of BDCMs.